<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-6499</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port ORL]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-6499</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-64992024000300229</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34631/sporl.2177</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nosing beyond the stone age: deciphering nasal evolution from Neanderthals to modern Man]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Para além da Idade da Pedra: a evolução nasal do Neandertal ao Homem moderno]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco Alves de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana Ida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rita Teixeira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clara Serdoura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Nóbrega]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meireles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-64992024000300229&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-64992024000300229&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-64992024000300229&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Neanderthals, our extinct relatives, exhibited distinct nasal morphology compared to Homo sapiens.  Objectives: This study explores these differences through a comparative analysis of cranionasal measurements.  Material and Methods: Data on Neanderthal nasal features were obtained from existing paleoanthropological literature, focusing on 16 hominid fossils. A parallel sample of 38 modern human CT scans was retrospectively reviewed, with measurements focusing on nasal region.  Results: Neanderthals displayed significantly larger nasal cavities with increased basion-nasion and basion-prosthion distances, wider intercanine dimensions, and larger nasal breadth and height compared to modern humans. Choanal width and nasal index did not differ significantly.  Conclusions: These findings suggest functional adaptations in Neanderthal nasal morphology, potentially aiding in thermoregulation within cold environments. Further research is needed to fully understand the evolutionary significance of these adaptations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: Os Neandertais, nossos parentes extintos, exibiam uma morfologia nasal distinta em comparação com o Homo sapiens.  Objetivos: Este estudo explora essas diferenças através de uma análise comparativa de medidas nasocranianas.  Material e Métodos: Dados sobre as características nasais do Homo Neanderthalensis e Homo Heilderbergensis foram obtidos a partir da literatura paleoantropológica existente, com foco em 16 fósseis. Uma amostra paralela de 38 de crânios de Homo Sapiens foi analisada retrospetivamente mediante tomografia computadorizada (TC), com obtenção de medições relativas à região nasal.  Resultados: Os Hominídeos exibiram cavidades nasais significativamente maiores, com distâncias basion-nasion e basion-prosthion aumentadas, dimensões intercaninas maiores e maior largura e altura nasal em comparação com os humanos modernos. A largura coanal e o índice nasal não diferiram significativamente.  Conclusões: Esses achados sugerem adaptações funcionais na morfologia nasal neandertal, potencialmente auxiliando na termorregulação em ambientes frios. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para compreender totalmente o significado evolutivo dessas adaptações.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fossil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hominids]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nasal Cavity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Comparative Anatomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Respiratory System]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biological Evolution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cold Adaptation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thermoregulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neanderthal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Homo Sapiens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Hominídeos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Fósseis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Nariz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Anatomia Comparada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Sistema Respiratório]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Evolução Biológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Adaptação ao Frio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Termorregulação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Neandertal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Homo Sapiens]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unconstrained cranial evolution in Neandertals and modern humans compared to common chimpanzees]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Biol Sci]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>282</volume>
<numero>1817</numero>
<issue>1817</issue>
<page-range>20151519</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramsey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance]]></article-title>
<collab>Basell L et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>512</volume>
<numero>7514</numero>
<issue>7514</issue>
<page-range>306-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hublin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The origin of Neandertals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>16022-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonfante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Automatic landmarking identifies new loci associated with face morphology and implicates Neanderthal introgression in human nasal shape]]></article-title>
<collab>Fuentes-Guajardo M et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Commun Biol]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>481</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wroe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WCH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ledogar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Computer simulations show that neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting]]></article-title>
<collab>Fiorenza L et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Biol Sci]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>285</volume>
<numero>1876</numero>
<issue>1876</issue>
<page-range>20180085</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franciscus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The paradox of a wide nasal aperture in cold-adapted Neandertals a causal assessment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hum Evol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>942-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pagano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The nasal complex of Neanderthals an entry portal to their place in human ancestry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Rec (Hoboken)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2121-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tattersall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Significance of some previously unrecognized apomorphies in the nasal region of Homo neanderthalensis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>10852-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franciscus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neandertal nasal structures and upper respiratory tract "specialization " Proc Natl Acad Sci U S]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1805-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reidenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gannon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What the nose knows new understandings of Neanderthal upper respiratory tract specializations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>10543-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koppe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hum Evol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>234-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roseman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Were neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hum Evol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>135-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>16028-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Biol Res (Thessalon)]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cranial base topology and basic trends in the facial evolution of Homo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hum Evol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<page-range>26-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bräuer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leakey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ES-11693 cranium from Eliye Springs, West Turkana, Kenya]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hum Evol]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>289-312</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lacruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimbel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The evolutionary history of the human face]]></article-title>
<collab>O&amp;apos;Higgins P et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Ecol Evol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>726-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gunz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña-Melian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species]]></article-title>
<collab>Harvati K et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Commun]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>588</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aybar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yalcin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the evolution of human jaws and teeth a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull Int Assoc Paleodont]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The biology and evolution of speech a comparative analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Linguist]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>255-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrurier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>367</volume>
<numero>1585</numero>
<issue>1585</issue>
<page-range>88-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lieberman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Evolution of Human Speech]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Anthropol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albessard-Ball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balzeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Of tongues and men a review of morphological evidence for the evolution of language]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Lang Evol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>79-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neelapu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kharbanda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sardana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balachandran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sardana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in adult obstructive sleep apnea patients A systematic review and meta-analysis of cephalometric studies]]></article-title>
<collab>Kapoor P et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sleep Med Rev]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cintas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinto-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nasal airflow simulations suggest convergent adaptation in Neanderthals and modern humans]]></article-title>
<collab>Márquez F et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>12442-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nasal structural and aerodynamic aeatures that may benefit normal olfactory sensitivity]]></article-title>
<collab>Cowart BJ et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Chem Senses]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>229-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The navigational nose a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Biol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>222</volume>
<numero>Pt Suppl 1</numero>
<issue>Pt Suppl 1</issue>
<page-range>jeb186924</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
