<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-5263</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-5263</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPESE - Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-52632025000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52224/21845263/rev43a1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Crisis concept and Crisology. From disruption to complex transformation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judite Gonçalves de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fernando Pessoa University Faculty of Human and Social Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,CEPESE - Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNova - Universidade Nova de Lisboa IPRI- Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>43</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article aims to examine the historical and conceptual evolution of the notion of crisis, emphasizing its increasing centrality in contemporary discourse across the political, economic, environmental, and public health domains. It is based on the premise that crisis, rather than representing an episodic disruption, has become a structural condition of late modernity, particularly in light of the emerging concept of polycrisis. The methodology employed is interdisciplinary and historically grounded, combining critical analysis of philosophical, theological, and political sources with an extensive review of literature in the social sciences, political theory, and epistemology. The study traces a diachronic trajectory of the concept of crisis - from its classical roots in Antiquity and medieval scholasticism, through its modern reconfigurations (especially in Enlightenment philosophy), to contemporary postmodern and systemic interpretations. This trajectory culminates in the contemporary understanding of polycrisis, in which multiple systemic crises (environmental, political, social, economic) coexist and mutually reinforce one another. Crisis is thus no longer perceived as an isolated event, but rather as a permanent and complex condition of present-day society - one that demands a systemic mode of thinking. Ultimately, the article advocates for the development of crisology as an emerging interdisciplinary field, arguing for the need to adopt systemic and transdisciplinary approaches in order to better understand and respond to the multiple, interconnected crises shaping the present world.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Crisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Crisology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[History of Ideas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Political Theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transformation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rupture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Global Challenges.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agamben]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giorgio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[State of Exception.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alighieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dante]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[De Monarchia]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Perry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Origins of Postmodernity]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aquino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tomás de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Suma Teológica]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paulus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aristóteles]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratado da Política]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Quimera Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beistegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a Philosophy of Crisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Phenomenology]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>475-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beistegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Philosophy of Crisis]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Reason of State]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braudel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernand]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme (XVe-XVIIIe siècle)]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LGF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cícero]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratado da República]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Temas e Debates]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vigiar e Punir]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições 70]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukuyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The End of History?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The National Interest]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>3-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukuyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O fim a História e o último Homem]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gradiva]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habermas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jünger]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legitimation Crisis]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Condição Pós-Moderna: Uma Investigação sobre as Origens da Mudança Cultural]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Loyola]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anne Brigitte]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Homeland Earth: A Manifesto for the New Millennium (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity and the Human Sciences)]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hampton Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hipona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agostinho de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Cidade de Deus]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições 70]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobsbawm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Era das Revoluções]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Presença]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Homer-Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Commanding Hope: The Power We Have to Renew a World in Peril]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Toronto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Knopf Canada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huntington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Order in Changing Societies]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jameson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fredric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pós-Modernismo, ou, A Lógica Cultural do Capitalismo Tardio]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Relógio d&#8217;Água]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koselleck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reinhart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critique and Crisis]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Massachusetts ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyotard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean-François]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Condição Pós-Moderna]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Gradiva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montesquieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Do Espírito das Leis.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições 70]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natacha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le concept de crise: un paradigme explicatif obsolète? Une approche sexospécifique]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mondes en Développement]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>154</numero>
<issue>154</issue>
<page-range>137-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pádua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marsílio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Defensor da Paz]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edipro]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rousseau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean- Jacques]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Émile ou De l&#8217;éducation]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bibliothèque de la Pléiade]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[San]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Filosofía política. Las grandes obras]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dykinson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ensaios de Política Comparada]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Livros Horizonte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matheus de Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Os tempos de crise]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Temporalidades - Revista de História]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>783-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hackett Publishing Co, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sournia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean-Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[História da Medicina]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Piaget]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucídides]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[História da Guerra do Peloponeso]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulmi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nic]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les polycrises ou les convulsions du monde dopées par la complexité]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue Hémisphères]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>25</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economia e Sociedade]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições 70]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
