<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-2890</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-2890</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-28902024000300121</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24873/j.rpemd.2024.10.1228</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of irrigation activation techniques on root canal walls after post-space preparation: A scanning electron microscopy study]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Efeitos de técnicas de ativação de irrigação na parede do canal radicular após a preparação para espigão: um estudo com microscopia eletrónica de varrimento]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tekinarslan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dide]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erkal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Damla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koç]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simay]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Er]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hakan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Er]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kür&#351;at]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Akdeniz University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Antalya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Turkey</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Electron Microscopy Image Analyzing Unit and Department of Biophysics]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Antalya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Turkey</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-28902024000300121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-28902024000300121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-28902024000300121&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objectives:  To evaluate the effect of different irrigation activation techniques (IATs) on smear layer removal after post-space preparation.  Methods:  Forty single-rooted mandibular premolars with no root canal treatment were selected. Teeth were decoronated at 15 mm, and apical patency was confirmed using a #10 K-file. The ProTaper Next NiTi file system was used to shape the root canal. Afterward, the root canals were filled with gutta-percha and a root canal sealer. A week later, 10-mm postspace preparation was done. Teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the IATs used to activate 3 mL of 17% EDTA for 1 min: 1) control group with a conventional needle; 2) sonic irrigation (SI); 3) passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); and 4) laser-activated irrigation (LAI). Teeth were split longitudinally, and specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Images were taken at the teeth&#8217; coronal, middle, and apical thirds at ×2000 magnification and were scored based on the presence of the smear layer. Data were analyzed statistically.  Results:  No statistically significant difference was observed between the IATs regarding smear layer removal (p&gt;0.05). However, PUI was more successful at the coronal and apical third, and SI was more successful in the middle third.  Conclusions:  All the used IATs were effective in removing the smear layer. However, none of them removed it completely]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivos:  Avaliar o efeito de técnicas de ativação de irrigação na remoção da smear layer após a preparação do espaço para espigão.  Métodos:  Selecionaram-se 40 pré-molares mandibulares de raiz única sem tratamento endodôntico. Removeu-se a coroa dos dentes aos 15 mm, e confirmou-se a permeabilidade apical com uma lima K #10. O sistema de limas NiTi ProTaper Next foi utilizado para a preparação canalar, e os canais foram obturados com guta-percha e cimento. Uma semana depois, preparou-se o espaço de 10 mm para espigão. Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos com base na técnica de ativação de irrigação utilizada para ativar 3 mL de EDTA a 17% durante 1 min: 1) grupo de controlo com agulha convencional; 2) irrigação sónica (SI); 3) irrigação ultrassónica passiva (PUI); e 4) irrigação ativada a laser (LAI), e observados sob um microscópio eletrónico de varrimento. Analisaram-se imagens dos terços coronário, médio e apical com ampliação de ×2000, e documentou-se a presença da smear layer. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente.  Resultados:  Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as técnicas de ativação de irrigação em termos de remoção da smear layer (p&gt;0.05). Por outro lado, a PUI foi mais eficaz no terço coronário e apical, enquanto a SI teve melhor desempenho no terço médio  Conclusões:  Todas as técnicas de ativação de irrigação utilizadas mostraram-se eficazes na remoção da smear layer. No entanto, nenhuma das técnicas foi capaz de a remover totalmente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Irrigation activation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Post-space preparation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scanning electron microscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Smear layer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ativação de irrigação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Preparação de espaço para espigão]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Microscopia eletrónica de varrimento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Smear layer]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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