<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1646-2890</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1646-2890</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1646-28902023000100012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24873/j.rpemd.2023.03.1050</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mechanical and surface properties of a 3D-printed dental resin reinforced with graphene]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Propriedades mecânicas e de superfície de uma resina dentária para impressão 3D reforçada com grafeno]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fialho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marques]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mário]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesquita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Católica Portuguesa Faculdade de Medicina Dentária ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Viseu ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Viseu Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Viseu ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,INEGI - Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Engenharia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina Dentária ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>12</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1646-28902023000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1646-28902023000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1646-28902023000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objectives:  Commercial photocurable polymers used in dental additive manufacturing still have mechanical limitations. The incorporation of graphene may provide interesting advantages in this field. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effect of adding graphene nanoparticles to a 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate dental resin in terms of surface roughness, flexural properties, and hardness.  Methods:  A 3D-printed dental resin (Dental Sand, Harz Lab) was loaded with four diferente graphene nanoplatelet (Graphenest) concentrations: 0.01wt%, 0.1wt%, 0.25wt%, and 0.5wt%. The neat resin was used as the control group. The surface roughness was measured with a contact profilometer using bar-shaped specimens (50x10x4mm). The flexural strength of specimens (80x10x4mm) from each group was calculated using the 3-point bending test in a Universal Test Machine. Hardness shore D was measured using a manual durometer on round-shaped specimens (12x6mm). Data were evaluated using the Kruskall-Wallis test followed by post-hoc Bonferroni corrected pairwise inter-group comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.  Results:  Graphene improved 3D-printed PMMA resin hardness with statistical significance at a concentration of 0.01wt% (p=0.043). Surface roughness increased with graphene concentrations above 0.01wt%, with statistically significant differences at 0.25wt% (p=0.006) and 0.5wt% (p=0.005) concentrations. Flexural properties worsened with increased graphene concentrations, and these differences were significant in the concentrations of 0.25wt% (p=0.028) and 0.5wt% (p=0.006).  Conclusions:  The use of graphene as a mechanical reinforcement nanomaterial seems to be viable at low concentrations without prejudice to the surface roughness of a 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate resin.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivos:  As resinas para impressão 3D em Medicina Dentária apresentam ainda limitações mecânicas. A adição de grafeno pode colmatar esse problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro o efeito do grafeno numa resina de polimetilmetacrilato para impressão 3D ao nível da rugosidade de superfície, propriedades de flexão e dureza.  Métodos:  Uma resina para impressão 3D foi aditivada com quatro concentrações de grafeno: 0,01wt%, 0,1wt%, 0,25wt% e 0,5wt%. A resina pura foi usada como controlo. A rugosidade de superfície foi medida com um profilómetro de contacto em provetes retangulares (50x10x4mm). A resistência à flexão dos provetes (80x10x4mm) foi calculada usando o teste de flexão em 3 pontos numa máquina de teste universal. A dureza shore D foi medida em provetes circulares (12x6mm) com um durómetro manual. Os resultados foram avaliados utilizando o teste de Kruskal Wallis seguido do teste post-hoc de Bonferroni para comparações entre grupos. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.  Resultados:  O grafeno demonstrou melhorar a dureza da resina de polimetilmetacrilato em baixas concentrações, com significado estatístico na concentração de 0,01wt% (p=0,043). A rugosidade de superfície apresentou valores superiores à resina normal para concentrações de grafeno acima de 0,01wt%. Verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas concentrações de 0,25 (p=0,006) e 0,5wt% (p=0,005). As propriedades de flexão pioraram com o aumento de grafeno, sendo essas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de 0,25 (p=0,028) e 0,5wt% (p=0,006).  Conclusões:  O uso do grafeno como reforço mecânico de uma resina de polimetilmetacrilato impressão 3D parece viável em baixas concentrações, sem prejudicar a rugosidade de superfície.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flexural strength]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Graphene oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hardness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polymethylmethacrylate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Three-dimensional printing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Resistência à flexão]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Óxido de grafeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Dureza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Polimetilmetacrilato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Impressão 3D]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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