<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0430-5027</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Finisterra - Revista Portuguesa de Geografia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Finisterra]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0430-5027</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos Geográficos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0430-50272024000300203</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18055/finis33850</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Estimation of reference evapotranspiration by Hargreaves-Samani and Penman-Monteith methods in mediterranean environment (Portugal)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência pelos métodos de Hargreaves-Samani e Penman-Monteith em ambiente mediterrâneo (Portugal).]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia por los métodos de Hargreaves-Samani y Penman-Monteith en un ambiente mediterráneo (Portugal).]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Alexandre Varanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raquel de Matos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Évora Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia Departamento de Geociências]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Évora ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Évora Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimentos, Departamento de Geociências]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Évora ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>127</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0430-50272024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0430-50272024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0430-50272024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Accurately estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is fundamental for calculating crop water needs, supporting irrigation programs, climate change studies, and many analysis and mapping applications. Whenever data are lacking for calculating ETo by the Penman-Monteith (PM) method, FAO-UNESCO advises using the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) method. These two methods were assessed for ETo estimation at 20 locations distributed over the Portuguese territory. Normal monthly data (1971-2000) and monthly and daily data from two years (2019 and 2020) were the datasets used. Monthly and daily estimates of ETo obtained by the HS method were very good predictors of those obtained by the reference method (PM method), even when linear regressions were forced through the origin. Even so, correlations were always better with monthly data (R2&#8805;0.97) than with daily data (R2(0.90). These results thus make the HS equation easy to calibrate, regardless of the time base used. The corrected values of the adjustment coefficient (Krs) depend more on the annual mean values of wind speed ( V a ) or thermal amplitude ( &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; ) than on elevation. Good correlations (R2( 0.80) were also obtained when Krs-values were plotted against pairs of &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; and &#119881; &#119886; allowing the calibration of the HS equation as a function of these variables (multiple regression). This approach can be useful in the local calibration of the Hargreaves-Samani equation whenever it replaces the PM method.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Estimar com precisão a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) é fundamental para avaliar as necessidades hídricas das culturas, apoiar programas de irrigação, estudos de alterações climáticas e muitas aplicações de análise e mapeamento. Sempre que faltam dados para o cálculo da ETo pelo método de Penman-Monteith (PM), a FAO-UNESCO aconselha a utilização do método de Hargreaves-Samani (HS). Estes dois métodos foram avaliados para a estimativa da ETo em 20 localidades distribuídas pelo território português. Para o efeito foram usados dados mensais normais (1971-2000) e os dados mensais e diários de dois anos (2019 e 2020). As estimativas mensais e diárias de ETo obtidas pelo método HS foram muito boas preditoras das obtidas pelo método de referência (método PM), mesmo quando as regressões lineares foram forçadas a passar pela origem. Ainda assim, as correlações foram sempre melhores com os dados mensais (R2&#8805;0,97) do que com os dados diários (R2(0,90). Estes resultados tornam a equação HS fácil de calibrar, independentemente da base de tempo utilizada. Os valores corrigidos do coeficiente de ajustamento (Krs) dependem mais dos valores médios anuais da velocidade do vento speed ( &#119881; &#119886; ) ou da amplitude térmica ( &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; ) que da altitude. Foram também obtidas boas correlações (R2( 0.80) quando os valores de Krs foram correlacionados com pares de &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; e &#119881; &#119886; , permitindo a calibração da equação HS em função destas variáveis (regressão múltipla). Esta abordagem pode ser útil na calibração local da equação de HS sempre que se substitui o método PM.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La estimación precisa de la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo) es fundamental para evaluar las necesidades de agua de los cultivos, respaldar la programación del riego, los estudios sobre el cambio climático y muchas aplicaciones de análisis y cartografía. Cuando faltan datos para calcular la ETo mediante el método Penman-Monteith (PM), la FAO-UNESCO recomienda el uso del método Hargreaves-Samani (HS). Estos dos métodos fueron evaluados para la estimación de la ETo en 20 localidades distribuidas por el territorio portugués. Se utilizaron datos mensuales normales (1971-2000) y datos mensuales y diarios de dos años simples (2019 y 2020). Las estimaciones mensuales y diarias de la ETo obtenidas por el método HS fueron muy buenos predictores de las obtenidas por el método de referencia (método PM), incluso cuando se fuerzan regresiones lineales a través del origen. Aun así, las correlaciones fueron siempre mejores con los datos mensuales (R2&#8805;0,97) que con los datos diarios (R2(0,90). Estos resultados hacen que la ecuación HS sea fácil de calibrar, independientemente de la base de tiempo utilizada. Los valores corregidos del coeficiente de ajuste (Krs) dependen más de los valores medios anuales de la velocidad del viento ( &#119881; &#119886; ) ou la amplitude térmica ( &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; ) que de la elevación. También se obtuvieron buenas correlaciones (R2( 0,80) cuando los valores de Krs se graficaron frente a pares de &#119879;&#119860; &#119886; e &#119881; &#119886; lo que permitió calibrar con éxito la ecuación HS en función de estas variables (regresión múltiple). Este enfoque puede ser útil en la calibración local de la ecuación de HS siempre que reemplace el método PM.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Evapotranspiration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hargreaves-Samani method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[FAO 56 Penman-Monteith method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[calibration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mediterranean climate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Evapotranspiração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[método Hargreaves-Samani]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[método FAO 56 Penman-Monteith]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[calibração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[clima mediterrâneo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Evapotranspiración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método Hargreaves-Samani]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[FAO 56 método Penman-Monteith]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alibración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clima mediterráneo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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