<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0003-2573</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anál. Social]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0003-2573</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0003-25732025000400202</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31447/44067</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Democracia, direitos sociais e participação]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Democracy, social rights and participation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>257</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000400202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000400202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000400202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo analisa-se a articulação entre democratização, direitos sociais e participação política em Portugal. Explora-se, primeiro, como a participação política tem sido marcada por níveis baixos e desigualdades sociais e, depois, a forma como, a partir de 2010, a austeridade e a retração dos direitos sociais reconfiguraram os repertórios de protesto e alargaram a participação, sem contudo romper com os padrões de desigualdade. Argumenta-se ainda que o protesto se tem centrado na defesa dos direitos sociais e do legado democrático do 25 de Abril, revelando as tensões entre desafeição política e novas dinâmicas de ação coletiva.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article examines the interplay between democratization, social rights, and political participation in Portugal. It first explores how political participation has been marked by low levels and persistent inequalities, and then how, since 2010, austerity and the retrenchment of social rights have reshaped protest repertoires and broadened participation without, however, breaking with established patterns of inequality. The article further argues that protest has focused on defending social rights and the democratic legacy of the April 25th revolution, highlighting the tensions between political disaffection and emerging dynamics of collective action.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[democratização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[direitos sociais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[participação política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[protesto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[austeridade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democratization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political participation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[protest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[austerity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Accornero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Revolutionary or mild mannered? Social movements and social movement studies in Portugal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Accornero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fillieule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movement Studies in Europe: The State of the Art]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>357-70</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Berghahn Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Accornero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Marginal gentrifiers, networks of mobilization and new contentious collective identities: The struggle for housing in post-austerity Lisbon&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Housing Studies]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>229-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Accornero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Mild mannered? Protest and mobilisation in Portugal under austerity, 2010-2013&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>491-515</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Accornero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Movements at the border: conflict and protest in Portugal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>457-71</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allegra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Housing activism and urban space during the Covid-19 pandemic&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Partecipazione e Conflitto]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>43-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cidadania Política e Equidade Social em Portugal]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Celta Editora]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;O exercício da cidadania política em Portugal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>154--155</numero>
<issue>154--155</issue>
<page-range>85-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Class effects and societal effects: Elite and working-class attitudes towards political citizenship in European comparative perspective&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Portuguese Journal of Social Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>159-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cancela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Electoral turnout&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>181-96</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Modernidade, classes sociais e cidadania política: Portugal sob um olhar internacional&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>212</numero>
<issue>212</issue>
<page-range>650-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contesting Austerity: Social Movements and the Left in Portugal and Spain (2008-2015)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Amsterdam University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;A classist politics? Social classes, protest and welfare attitudes in Portugal (2008-2016)&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[16.ª Conferência da Associação Europeia de Sociologia]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Porto]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;From the &#8216;unfinished revolution&#8217; to the &#8216;defence of the revolution&#8217;: framing the transition in austerity-era Portugal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavallaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[¬Kornetis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rethinking Democratisation in Spain, Greece and Portugal]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave ¬Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Protest cycles and democracy: A comparison between Portugal and Spain, 2000-2019&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>73-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Disaffected democrats: political attitudes and political action in Portugal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>973-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Citizens and politics: support and engagement&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>244-61</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Giorgi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;How to combine public spending with fiscal rigour? &#8216;Austerity by stealth&#8217; in post-bailout Portugal (2015-2019)&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South European Society and Politics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas&#8221;]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O Neoliberalismo não é um Slogan]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tinta-da-china]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Waiting for Godot? Welfare attitudes in Portugal before and after the financial crisis&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>535-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Formação do Precariado. Transformações no Trabalho e Mobilizações de Precários em Portugal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade de Coimbra]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Political participation: the Portuguese case from a European comparative perspective&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreiras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malamud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Institutions and Politics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>53-67</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Celta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
