<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0003-2573</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anál. Social]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0003-2573</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0003-25732025000200208</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31447/38061</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[NATO and the collective securitisation of COVID-19: discourse analysis of the construction of a threat.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A NATO e a securitização coletiva da COVID-19: análise do discurso da construção de uma ameaça]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Semblano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dublin City University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ireland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institut Barcelona d&#8217;Estudis Internacionals  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>255</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000200208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000200208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0003-25732025000200208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article seeks to analyse nato&#8217;s role as a security actor during the covid-19 pandemic by studying how the organisation paved the securitising discourse constructing the covid-19 pandemic as an existential threat between March and May 2020. We correspondingly apply collective securitisation theory in conjunction with discourse analysis of a selection of nato statements. This enabled observations of an attempt to enlarge nato&#8217;s role in the International System, comprising matters beyond high politics and culminating in actions including the coordination of rescue missions for civilians and the usage of scientific means to aid in responding to the pandemic.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O presente artigo procura analisar o papel da NATO como ator de segurança durante a pandemia de Covid-19, ao estudar a forma como a organização desenvolveu o seu discurso securitizador, construindo a pandemia como uma ameaça existencial entre os meses de março e maio de 2020. Por conseguinte, aplicámos a abordagem teórica da securitização coletiva, em conjunto com a análise do discurso, a uma seleção de declarações da NATO. Tal permitiu observar uma tentativa de alargamento do papel da organização no sistema internacional, abarcando temas que vão para além das high politics, culminando em ações como a coordenação de missões de resgate de civis e a utilização de meios científicos para auxiliar na resposta à pandemia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NATO, covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[collective securitisation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[discourse analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[NATO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[securitização coletiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[análise do discurso]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AMER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HOWARTH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constructing and contesting threat: Representations of white British Muslims across British national and Muslim newspapers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>614-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANISIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The contradictions of COVID-19 and the persistence of Western Hegemony]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Politikon]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>331-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BACIU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beyond the emergency problematique: how do security IOs respond to crises-a case study of NATO response to COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Transatlantic Studies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>261-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALZACQ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALZACQ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The &#8216;essence&#8217; of securitization: theory, ideal type, and a sociological science of security]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Relations]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BENGTSSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RHINARD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securitisation across borders: the case of &#8216;health security&#8217; cooperation in the European Union]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Security Dialogue]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>115-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERGER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SALLOUM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pandemics, the South and NATO]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tardy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19: NATO in the Age of Pandemics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Roma ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Defense College]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BIEBER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global nationalism in times of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nationalities Papers]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BJOLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MANOR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NATO&#8217;s digital public diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[TPQ]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRZOZOWSKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FOOTE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[EU leaders agree to shut external borders, grapple with coronavirus response]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Euractiv]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUZAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WÆVER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DE WILDE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Security: A New Framework for Analysis]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARBÓ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANDREA VÁZQUEZ AHUMADA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CABALLERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEZAMA ARGÜELLES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How do I do discourse analysis?&#8217; Teaching discourse analysis to novice researchers through a study of intimate partner gender violence among migrant women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Qualitative Social Work]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>363-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUNN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NEUMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discourse analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillaume]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bilgin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>262-71</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ENACHE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANDREI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Possible effects of COVID-19 pandemic on NATO policy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of &#8220;Carol I&#8221; National Defence University]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNÁNDEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ó.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The European Union&#8217;s securitisation of global health: was COVID-19 a Zeitenwende?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Security]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>449-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FLOYD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Collective securitisation in the EU: normative dimensions. Security dialogue]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>391-412</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GALASINSKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The patient&#8217;s world: discourse analysis and ethnography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Discourse Studies]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>253-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GANZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emotions and securitisation: a new materialist discourse analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of International Relations]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>280-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GAYNOR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vampires suck: Parallel narratives in the marginalization of the other]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Administrative Theory &amp; Praxis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>348-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GIBSON-FALL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Military responses to COVID-19, emerging trends in global civil-military engagements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of International Studies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>155-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GOODWIN-HAWKINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The intimate borders of epidemiological nationalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anthropology in Action]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>67-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ILIEV]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TANESKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NATO and EU role in dealing with COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Security Dialogues]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JOVIC-LAZIC]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on NATO]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute of International Politics and Economics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KUHN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BICAKCI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SHAIKH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 digitization in maritime: understanding cyber risks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>193-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEONARD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KAUNERT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Refugee flows and terrorism in the European Union: securitization through association]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Politics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>562-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUCARELLI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The EU as a securitising agent? Testing the model, advancing the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>413-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACGUIRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-Asian hate continues to spread online amid COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aljazeera]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MAIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NATO&#8217;s response to COVID-19: lessons for resilience and readiness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MILANI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 between global human security and ramping authoritarian nationalisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>141-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MINZARARI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern conflict and future warfare]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tardy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19: NATO in the Age of Pandemics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Roma ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Defense College]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOLNÁR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAKÁCS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JAKUSNÉ HARNOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[É.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securitization of the COVID-19 pandemic by metaphoric discourse during the state of emergency in Hungary]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>9-10</numero>
<issue>9-10</issue>
<page-range>1167-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MÜLLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Doing discourse analysis in critical geopolitics&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[L&#8217;Espace Politique. Revue en ligne de géographie politique et de géopolitique]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OLIMAT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Words as powerful weapons: dysphemism in Trump&#8217;s COVID-19 speeches]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OLSSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can&#8217;t live with them, can&#8217;t live without them: &#8216;the enemy&#8217; as object of controversy in contemporary Western wars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Military Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>359-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OSISANWO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;&#8216;This virus is a common threat to all humans&#8217;: discourse representation of COVID-19 in selected newspaper editorials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Athens Journal of Mass Media &amp; Communications]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OZAWA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NATO and Russia in the time of Corona. Countering disinformation and supporting Allies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tardy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19: NATO in the Age of Pandemics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Roma ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Defense College]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PANDEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coronavirus shock vs. global financial crisis - the worse economic disaster?]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Deutsche Welle]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PAPAGEORGIOU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MELO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional responses to COVID-19: a comparative analysis of EU and ASEAN policies to counter the pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Federalism]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>68-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEACH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Opening Remarks by Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee at the 183rd Military Committee in Chiefs of Defence Session]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEREIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUQUETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FORTE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ESLAMI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chinese private security companies and the limit of coercion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small Wars &amp; Insurgencies]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1532-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEREIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A União Europeia e a securitização coletiva do COVID-19: a análise do discurso da Comissão Europeia]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[QUINN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 at war: the joint forces operation in Ukraine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RANNEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRIFFETH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JHA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical supply shortages - The need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New England Journal of Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RICKETTS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rediscovering a strategic purpose for NATO]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PRISM]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>22-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RITTIMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[NATO and the COVID-19 emergency: actions and lessons]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Roma ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Defense College]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANTOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identity and discourse in securitisation theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contexto Internacional]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>229-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SPERLING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBBER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[NATO and the Ukraine crisis: collective securitisation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of International Security]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>19-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SPERLING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBBER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The European Union: security governance and collective securitisation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>228-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on the Release of His Annual Report 2019]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Welcome into the NATO Family, North Macedonia! Op-Ed Article by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pre-Ministerial Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg Following the Meeting of NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pre-Ministerial Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STOLTENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg Following the Virtual Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Defence Ministers&#8217; Session]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Newsroom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TARDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19: shaping future threats and security policies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tardy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19: NATO in the Age of Pandemics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rome ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NATO Defense College]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VAN DIJK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is political discourse analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Belgian Journal of Linguistics]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VEZOVNIK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securitizing migration in Slovenia: a discourse analysis of the Slovenian refugee situation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Immigrant &amp; Refugee Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>39-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOODS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: a scholarly exchange]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nations and Nationalism]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>807-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
