Ser pai: Transformações intergeracionais na paternidade

 

LEONOR SEGURADO FALÉ BALANCHO (*)

 

 

RESUMO

O estudo psicológico da paternidade e dos seus impactos em pais e filhos ganhou uma incidência internacional crescente desde os anos setenta. A concepção de mudança associada à forma de concretizar a paternidade nas últimas gerações tem sido polémica, com estudos demonstrando mudanças nalgumas das dimensões da relação pai-filhos, e outros indiciando que os novos formatos de família, muito em particular a separação e divórcio, e o excesso de horas laborais, vieram afastar o pai - mais do que aproximar - da educação dos filhos. Perante a ausência, em Portugal, de investigações neste domínio, o estudo aqui apresentado, realizado com uma amostra de pais, avós e filhos, foi avaliar a eventual transformação das percepções subjectivas relativas ao papel do pai no decurso de três gerações. As conclusões vão no sentido de estarmos perante um conjunto de percepções que apontam para a concepção de um pai renovado, indiciando uma base estrutural cognitiva que venha a poder ser suporte de novas expectativas e práticas na relação do pai com a prole.

Palavras-chave: Paternidade, mudança, intergeracional, percepção.

 

ABSTRACT

The psychological study of parenthood and its impact on children have grown significantly since the 70's. The idea of change in the father - child relationship in the last generations has been under scrutiny by researchers, with some data confirming transformations in some dimensions of that relationship, and other infirming that the father is more intervenient or present in the child's life, mainly due to separation and divorce and excessive work hours. These particular situations have been responsible, some say, for the separation between father and children. In Portugal, we have no studies whatsoever on the topic. Accordingly, this article presents part of a research involving fathers, grandfathers and children, studying their subjective perceptions on the concept of fathering along three generations. Conclusions highlight subjective perceptions of a renewed father, sustaining possible tendencies for shifts in expectancies and practices in the traditional role of the father.

Key words: Fatherhood, change, generations, perceptions.

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

REFERÊNCIAS

Amato, P. R. (1994). Father-child relations, mother-child relations and offspring psychological well being in early adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 1031-1042.

        [ Links ]

Amato, P. R. (1998). Men in families. In A. Booth & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), More than money? Men's contributions to their children's livres (pp. 241-278). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

        [ Links ]

Balancho, L. F. (2003). Ser pai, hoje. Lisboa: Editorial Presença.

        [ Links ]

Belo, J., & Macedo, M. (1996). Ascenção e queda do poder do Pai: O novo pai emergente. In Actas do 1.º Colóquio de Psicologia Social Clínica (pp. 89-99). Lisboa: ISPA.

        [ Links ]

Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.

        [ Links ]

Cherlin, A. J. (1998). Men in families. In A. Booth, & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), On the flexibility of fatherhood (pp. 41-51). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

        [ Links ]

Coney, N., & Mackey, W. C. (1998). Motivations toward fathering: Two minority profiles within the majority's context. The Journal of Men's Studies, 6 (2), 169-188.

        [ Links ]

Fthenakis, W., & Kalicki, B. (1999). Subjective conceptions of fatherhood: An expanded approach. Paper presented at the IXth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Spetses, September.

        [ Links ]

Gay, L. R. (1996). Educational research: competencies for analysis and application (5.ª ed.). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.

        [ Links ]

Gottman, J., & DeClaire, J. (1997). Los mejores padres: Como desarrollar la inteligencia emocional de sus hiros. Argentina: Javier Vergara Editor.

        [ Links ]

Hwang, C. P., & Lamb, M. (2002). Father involvement in Sweden: A longitudinal study of its stability and correlates. International Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32, 391-416.

        [ Links ]

Kelley, M. L. (1997). The division of family work among low-income african-americans. Journal of African American Men, 3, 87-102.

        [ Links ]

Kelley, M. L., Smith, T., Green, A., Berndt, A., & Rogers, M. (1998). Importance of father's parenting to african-american toddler's social and cognitive development. Infant Behavior & Development, 21 (4), 733-744.

        [ Links ]

Lamb, M. E. (1986). The changing roles of fathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The father's role: applied perspectives (pp. 3-27). New York: Wiley.

        [ Links ]

Lamb, M. E. (1992). O papel do pai em mudança. Análise Psicológica, 10 (1), 19-34.

        [ Links ]

Lamb, M. E. (1997). The role of the father in child development (3.ª ed.). New York: Wiley.

        [ Links ]

Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fathering. In Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 338-341). Oxford: American Psychological Association.

        [ Links ]

Lamb, M. E., Hwang C. P., Ketterlinus, P. D., & Fracasso, M. P. (2001). Parent-child relationships: Developments in the context of the family. In M. H. Bornstein, & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

        [ Links ]

Le Camus, J. (1995). Pères et bébés. Paris: L'Harmattan.

        [ Links ]

Le Camus, J. (1997). Dossier sur le rôle du père (présentation). Enfance, 3, 325-336.

        [ Links ]

LeCompte, M. D., & Preissle, J. (1994). Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research (2.ª ed.). New York: Academic Press.

        [ Links ]

Mackey, W. C. (1985). Fathering behaviors: The dynamics of the man-child bond. New York: Plenum.

        [ Links ]

Marton, F., & Booth, S. (1997). Learning and awareness. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

        [ Links ]

Newfield, N., Sells, S. P., Smith, E. T., Newfield, S., & Newfield, F. (1996). Ethnographic research methods. In D. H. Sprenkle, & S. M. Moon (Eds.), Research methods in family therapy (Vol. 2, pp. 25-63). New York: Guilford Press.

        [ Links ]

Nsamemang, A., & Lamb, M. (1993). Acquisition of socio-cognitive competence by NSO children in the bamenda GR assfields of northwest cameroon. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16, 429-441.

        [ Links ]

Pleck, J. H. (1997). Paternal involvement: levels, sources, and consequences. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 66-103). New York: Wiley.

        [ Links ]

Radin, N. (1994). Primary-caregiving fathers in intact families. In A. E. Gottfried, & A. W. Gottfried (Eds.), Redefining families: Implications for children`s development (pp. 11-54). New York: Plenum.

        [ Links ]

Richardson, J. T. (1999). The concept and methods of phenomenographic research. Review of Educational Research, 69 (1), 11-23.

        [ Links ]

Smetana, J. (Ed.) (1994). Beliefs about parenting. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

        [ Links ]

Seidler, V. (1994). Unreasonable men: masculinity and social theory. London: Routledge.

        [ Links ]

Sullerot, E. (1993). El nuevo padre: Um padre distinto para el mundo moderno. Barcelona: Ediciones B.

        [ Links ]

Tolson, A. (1977). The Limits of Masculinity. London: Tavistock.

        [ Links ]

 

(*) Universidade Lusíada e Escola Superior de Educação João de Deus.